Bangladesh Liberation War: Conflict Analysis

Bangladesh departure War Conflict AnalysisConflict Analysis Case Study Bangladesh dismissal WarBackground and Internal Factors western United States Pakistan had four provinces Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier. Province piece 5 was East Pakistan, and it was the largest province out of all. West Pakistan had control everywhere all the provinces, and used up just about of the resources. Between 1948 and 1960, East Pakistan made 70% of all of Pakistans exports, while it only received 25% of imported money. In 1948, East Pakistan had 11 fabric mills while the West had nine. In 1971, the number of fabric mills in the West grew to 150 while the number in the East went down to 26. About 2.6 billion dollars of resources were also shifted everyplace time from East Pakistan to West Pakistan. Although East Pakistan had the largest population among all the provinces, it had much slight political power than West Pakistan. Although the economy was an issue, there was a lso the issue of language that caused East Pakistan and West Pakistan to pay off dispute for several years. (bdallinone)In 1948, Mohammad Ali Jinnah inform that Urdu was the official language for Pakistan. However, this was not fair because only the people in the West and the Biharis in the East radius Urdu. Majority of the West Pakistanis spoke Punjabi and Sindhi, while East Pakistanis spoke Bangali. Therefore, East Pakistan was against the movement of Urdu being the official language for Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the leader of the Awami League (top political party in abide of East Pakistan), wanted more economic and political power, all of these political changes resulted in the state of war of independency. The war involved two parts of Pakistan East Pakistan VS West Pakistan in a war for liberation and freedom from West Pakistan. The war lasted throughout March 26th declination 16th 1971. The Pakistan Army began a racial extermination called Operation Searchlight b y attacking the innocent Bangaladeshis of capital of Bangladesh city (Dhaka is the capital city of the province Bengal). The Pakistani army massacred 40,000 Bengali people, whether they be poets, teachers, patrol officers, etc and ignited a bestial war against the Bengalis of East Pakistan to stop them from being self-sufficient. They also invaded homes and held families on gun point, burned down schools, destroyed sacred computer architecture and purposely ruined 80% of agriculture lands, which caused Bangladesh to be in a famine. They killed sons and daughters and raped women and the West Pakistani army got away with ALL these crimes, and nothing was accounted for until at least 30 years ago, when activists convinced the police department to open up old cases. East Pakistan didnt have an army since it was not stock-still officially a country, so they were just a group of freedom fighters. Eventually, India joined in to turn out East Pakistans Freedom Fighters, and then they f orm the Mukhti Bahini, which translates to The Liberation Army. They used the guerrilla method and just basic armed wedges, which they got from the support of the Indian Army, and through a lot of gruesome war, they eventually fought until they gained their liberation, and Bangladesh was say an independent nation. The West Pakistani government was not willing to make peace with the East Pakistani government due to political differences such as political power due to economic, language and racial issues, since West Pakistan was considered one large province, the politicians that were on the West situation did not allow East Side of Pakistan to develop their own stable government since the East Side always got outweighed.External FactorsThroughout the war, there was involvement from several other countries such as India. India played an active role. Indira Gandhi (Prime minister of India) wanted to protect Bangladesh. Since India had a lot of protection (bombs, nuclear weapons, gre at military), they mounted a three-pronged movement on Dhaka from the Indian province West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. The Indian soldiers, Air Force, and Navy defeated the Pakistani army, while the Bangladeshi Navy helped India. On the ground, three groups of Mukti Bahini and Indian forces fought the Pakistanis. The Pakistanis seek to fight back and they did not give up, but failed to resist them and ended up surrendering (Murtala Sadeh) This surrender was the largest surrender from an army since World War 2. This was not a proxy war because the East Pakistan and West Pakistan communicated comportly with each other, and did not use any other source to have the war fought for them they fought on each others land.International ResponseUnited NationsPakistans plan to invade and bomb Indias land got the United Nations involved, and they stepped in and tried to force India to agree to a cease-fire. The UN Security Council came together on December 4 1981 to talk about the situation a nd find any possible way of fashioning peace. After much convincing and long discussions, on 7 December, the United States came up with the idea for an adjacent ceasefire and withdrawal of troops. Stalinist Russia rejected the resolution twice. In light of the Pakistani atrocities, Britain and France restrained and kept their distance from the situation. The Indian army quickly overran the country. Pakistani forces were unable to effectively fight the brutal attacks, since they had been deployed in low-pitched units around the border to counter guerrilla attacks by the Muhkti Bahini. Unable to defend Dhaka, the Pakistanis surrendered on 16 December 1971, the largest surrender since the Second World War. Bangladesh gained admission to the UN with most voting in its favour, but China rejected this as Pakistan was its key ally, as was the United States, which was one of the last nations to accord Bangladesh recognition.United States of AmericaThe US administration feared that an Ind ian invasion of West Pakistan would mean the domination of the region by Stalinist Russia. That, in turn, would seriously undermine the global position of the US and the regional position of Americas new tacit ally, China. In order to demonst localize to China the reliability of the US as an ally, and in direct violation of the US Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, shipping them through Jordan and Iran. China was encouraged to increase arms supplies to Pakistan. (Wikipedia)The Nixon government completely uncared for the reports it received of the genocidal and brutal activities that the Pakistani Army was getting involved in (to dominant the Bengalis), including all the deaths of innocent Bangalis and all of the rapes. However, Russia supported the Indian army and Mukti Bahini during the war because they knew that the independence of Bangladesh would make their rivals weaker. It also assured India that if the US or China tried invading India, Russia would have their back. Therefore, the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty was signed in August 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War.When Pakistans defeat was obvious, Nixon sent the aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, to the Bay of Bengal, a move which ratcheted up nuclear tensions in the region. USS Enterprise arrived on station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the Russian navy sent out two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from Vladivostok. They trailed the US task force in the Indian Ocean from 18 December until 7 January 1972. At the end of the war, the Warsaw Pact countries of Central and Eastern Europe were the first to recognise Bangladesh as an independent country. (Wikepedia) Stalinist Russia gave credit to Bangladesh on 25 January 1972. The United States also eventually gave them credit in April. On 2 July 1972, the Simla Accord was signed between India and Pakistan, which stated the goal to normalise relations between India and Pakistan, i ncluding the return of Pakistani prisoners of war. Pakistan officially recognised Bangladesh in 1974. (Wikipedia)ChinaSince China is an ally of Pakistan, the Peoples Republic of China reacted with fruitfully towards situation in East Pakistan and the prospect of India invading West Pakistan. They know that an Indian attack was about to happen, so Richard Nixon (President of U.S.A) encouraged China to gather together its armed forces along Indias border. The Indian Army was prepared and had deployed eight mountain divisions to the Sino-Indian border to guard against such an eventuality.China instead threw its weight behind demands for an immediate ceasefire. (Wikipedia) When Bangladesh wanted a place to get involved in the United Nations in 1972, China rejected their application because of two United Nations resolutions regarding the repatriation of Pakistani prisoners of war and civilians had not yet been implemented. (Wikipedia) China was one of the last countries to recognise the liberation of Bangladesh and denied to until 31 August 1975.Effect of Temperature on Plant Physiology ExperimentEffect of Temperature on Plant Physiology ExperimentAbstractThe physiological processes of many organisms are sensitive to temperature. In order to see this effect of temperature, we examined the warmth footstep of a daphnia magna over a range of different temperatures. Being an ectothermic animal, the daphnias body temperature is dependent on urine temperature. It was hypothesized that since most physiological processes are faster at high temperatures, the water fleas heart rate will be faster at high temperatures and slower at low temperatures. This was, in concomitant, true and a convention was evident which showed that heart rate increased as temperature increased. The Q10 was high at higher temperatures which show elevated sensitivity at higher temperatures. Clearly, Daphnia have an optimal temperature range outside which they do not function to their full potential. A Daphnias heart rate, then, was proved to be dependent on temperature.IntroductionDaphnia magna is a widespread freshwater zooplankton. Since Daphnia are ectothermic animals, their body temperature fluctuates with purlieual temperature. Hence, these animals are ideal to study the effects of temperature. Most such animals function well at certain specific temperatures. They have an optimal temperature range, outside which they are unable to perform physiological processes effectively (Lamkemeyer et al. 2003). It is believed that most physiological processes adjudge place more rapidly at higher temperatures and that changes in temperature can influence physiological evaluate (Ziarek et al. 2010). In order to investigate this, we questioned whether the heart rate of a Daphnia is different at different temperatures. Q10, which is the temperature sensitivity of a reaction, was a useful tool. We hypothesized that the Daphnia will have different heart place at different te mperatures and hence that temperature will affect heart rate. It was also hypothesized that Q10 will differ at different temperatures. This hypothesis was riddleed by exposing the Daphnia to different water temperatures, letting it equilibrate to the water temperature and counting its heart beat in a systematic way. Since most physiological processes increase at higher temperatures, we predicted that if the temperature is higher (close to 35C) then the heart rate of the Daphnia will be faster and if the temperature is low (close to 5C) then it would be slower. In addition, we predicted that Q10 will be higher at low temperatures and lower at high temperatures. In view of the fact that Daphnia had an optimal temperature range, it would be graspable if the Daphnia was more sensitive to temperatures outside this range and consequently reacted by altering its heart rate.MethodsA Daphnia was placed on a miniscule smear of Vaseline on the bottom of a culture dish (Olaveson and Rush 201 1). Aged water at room temperature was added to the dish. Five minutes were allowed for the Daphnia to typeset to the water temperature and the temperature of the water was measured and recorded. Under a dissecting microscope, the Daphnia was placed and the 4X lens were used to locate the heart and count the heartbeats. The number of beats was counted over a 10 second period which was followed by a 10 second pause in counting and then 10 seconds of counting again. In order to get 9 measurements of the heart rate, this pattern was repeated for 3 minutes. Then, ice and water were mixed in a beaker to make a water mixture between 5C to 10C. To replace the tap water in the culture dish with chilled water, a Pasteur pipette was used. Five minutes were allowed for the Daphnia to reach equilibrium and then the heart beat was counted to obtain 9 measures of heart rate (heartbeats/ 10 seconds). The values were recorded. The temperature was then increased in 5C increments till 35C and heart rate was measured at each point. Small amounts of the colder water were replaced with the warmer water (obtained from a water bath) till the desired temperature had been reached. Five minutes were always allowed for equilibration and using the same method, 9 measures of heart rate were recorded. The 9 estimates of heart rate interpreted at each temperature were used to find the average heart rate at each temperature. These values were entered into an excel document by all students and afterwards used for analysis.ResultsStatistical analysis and data processing shed light upon the effect of temperature on the heart rate of a Daphnia. The Statistical t test analysis proved that the Ho could be rejected for all the three tests proving that temperature does have a significant effect on the heart rate of a Daphnia. The Q10 as well as the average heart rates at different temperatures provided evidence that supported the hypothesis that temperature would affect Daphnia heart rate too.At the temperature interval of 4C to 14C, the Q10 was found to be 1.31 (Table 1). Although this was not the highest Q10 value and hence not the most sensitive temperature interval, a descend in heart rate was evident at the lower temperature of 4C compared to other higher temperatures (figure 1). The heart rate at 4C was found to be 106.74 beats per minute where as the heart rate at 14C was 140.10 beats per minute. The significant decrease in heart rate at 4C compared to heart rate at the ambient temperature (24C) was supported by the t test analysis (sample t statistic 14.3938 faultfinding t statistic1.978 df136 p = 0.05). The temperature interval from 14C to 24C showed increased sensitivity (Q101.40). This indicated the increase in heart rate at 24C compared to lower temperatures (figure 1) and was supported by the t test analysis as the Ho (hypothesis that no change in heart rate would be evident) was rejected (t statistic 8.6519 critical t statistic1.978 df136 p = 0.05). During t he temperature interval from 24C to 34C, the highest Q10 was noted (table 1).This sensitivity to high temperatures was obvious when heart rates at the two temperatures were compared (heart rate at 24C 196.32 beats/min at 34C 277.92 beats/ min). The H0 was hence rejected (t statistic 9.7792 critical t statistic 1.978 df 136 p = 0.05).All the three tests provided evidence that suggested that temperature had an effect on the Daphnias heart rate. At higher temperatures, the heart rate was faster and at lower temperatures, it was slower. Generally, as temperature increased so did the Daphnias heart rate (figure 1).DiscussionAll organisms have an optimum temperature range over which they function best. Consequently, at certain temperatures, the physiological processes of a Daphnia magna are at its utmost potential. Some hypothesized that Daphnia optimize their fitness by allocating the time spent in the different habitats depending on the temperature incline (Kessler Lampert, 2004). Hen ce, evidently temperature has an effect on the performance of a Daphnia. Specifically, as hypothesized, temperature affected the heart rate of Daphnia. It was noticed that the Daphnias heart rate increased at higher temperatures (close to 34C) and decreased at lower temperatures (close to 5C). Since Daphnia are ectothermic, their body temperature varies with environmental temperature. Since Daphnia cannot thermoregulate, their body temperature experiences variance following uctuations in the environment (Ziarek et al. 2010). Hence as the temperature of the water increased, so did the Daphnias heart rate. The data supported this prediction. This is simply because most physiological processes take place more rapidly at higher temperatures. In addition, seek has shown that increases of heart rate by significant values were measured in D. Magna as a function of temperature (Paul et al. 2004). One terra firma why the heart rate of Daphnia increases with temperature would be because les s oxygen is present in the warmer water. Consequently, lack of oxygen could result in depleted amount of oxygenated blood and hence the heart would have to work harder to pump blood around the body. For this purpose, it makes sense that the heart rate would increase. Very little research has been done about oxygen levels at different temperatures and Daphnia heart rates and perhaps more such research will provide more clarity on this topic. The little research that has been done, though, suggests that a reduced aerobic scope allows only time-limited survival at temperatures outside the optimal range (Lamkemeyer et al. 2003) in organism such as Daphnias. Other research has also shown that high temperatures increase a Daphnias metabolic rates by increasing their heartbeat rates (MacArthur Baittie, 1929), and consequently their oxygen demands (Ziarek et al. 2010).It is also important to note that although it was predicted that Q10 would be higher at low temperatures and lower at high temperatures, the data did not support this prediction. The opposite, in fact, was evident. At higher temperatures the Q10 was higher and at lower temperatures it was lower. This could be possible merely because the Daphnia was more sensitive to changes in temperature at higher temperatures. It could also be possible that Q10 was higher at higher temperatures because of other errors. For instance, when the ice was added to the water in order to obtain low water temperatures (5C), it was tough to obtain the exact temperatures. Although the temperature obtained (about 8C) was lower than room temperature (or ambient temperature), it is possible that it wasnt low enough to trigger major physiological changes. A significant fact to keep in mind is that since temperatures are increasing due to global warming, water temperatures are going to increase as well. This could lead to problems for organisms such as Daphnia which cannot function well outside of their optimal temperature range. I t has been suggested that rising temperatures associated with global warming present a challenge to the fate of many aquatic organisms (Doorslaer et al. 2009)In conclusion, Daphnia heart rate is affected by temperature and tends to increase at high temperatures and decrease at low temperatures.